Career

In more than four decades of original mineralogical research, Robert M. Hazen has explored the boundaries of the mineralogical sciences from mineral physics to biomineralization to mineral evolution. His mineralogical research, incorporated into approximately 300 publications, spans the areas of high-pressure and temperature crystallography, equations of state and mineral physics, mineral surface chemistry, the roles of minerals in prebiotic chemistry, and the mineralogical co-evolution of the geosphere and biosphere. The following paragraphs outline Hazen’s contributions to these diverse areas of mineralogy.

COMPARATIVE CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY

Hazen’s earliest mineralogical publications, including his highly cited first paper based on his MIT masters thesis, “The effect of cation substitution on the physical properties of trioctahedral micas” [1] under the supervision of David R. Wones, and subsequent studies of mica crystallography and crystal chemistry [3, 21, 37-38, C8], touch on aspects of silicate crystal chemistry. In an effort to extend this research to plausible deep crustal and upper mantle conditions, he learned techniques of high- and low-temperature crystallography [2,5], and pioneered applications of the diamond anvil cell to high-pressure and high-P-T crystallography [10]. His first high-pressure studies demonstrated the structural basis of an abrupt red-to-blue color change in the rare mineral gillespite at ~2 GPa—a reversible tetragonal-to-orthorhombic phase transition involving distortion of a square-planar iron site [4]. In his 1975 PhD thesis at Harvard University under the supervision of Charles W. Burnham he applied these techniques to periclase and Mg-Fe olivine [6-8, 12]. These studies were the first to integrate the diamond anvil cell with 4-circle x-ray diffractometry, and they set the stage for Hazen’s subsequent two decades of crystallographic research.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

In 1975-1976, during a year’s NATO Postdoctoral Fellowship at Cambridge University working with Charles T. Prewitt, he developed empirical relationships for the thermal expansion and compressibility of structural elements in oxides and silicates [9,13-15]—an extension of Prewitt’s ionic radii contributions. These efforts were originally conceived as an extension of the influential Shannon and Prewitt ionic radii tables; however, Hazen and Prewitt quickly realized that less ambiguous measures of structural changes are provided by considering thermal expansion and compressibility coefficients of individual cation-anion bonds.While at Cambridge, Hazen also wrote the influential paper “Temperature, pressure, and composition: structurally analogous variables” [11], published in the first issue of Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, which Prewitt co-founded. This paper posited that, to first approximation, the structural changes associated with increased temperature, decreased pressure, or the substitution of larger cations in the largest polyhedral site cause similar structural changes. The baseline provided by these theoretical ideas, especially in the context of the many structures in which deviations from this approximation dominate compression behavior, were to influence his research over the next 20 years.

In 1976 Hazen came to the Carnegie Institution of Washington’s Geophysical Laboratory to work with Peter Bell and David Mao on lunar minerals [17, 24-25, C2, C4, C12, C13]. He applied x-ray crystallography and polarized optical absorption spectroscopy to characterize crystals and glasses in lunar soils. A significant finding was that lunar olivine commonly incorporates divalent chromium—a species rarely encountered in terrestrial samples and one that underscores the extremely reduced character of the Moon’s near-surface environment. 

At the same time he began crystallographic studies at the Geophysical Laboratory, where he collaborated closely with Larry W. Finger for two decades [16 et seq.; C1 et seq.]. Together they published high-pressure crystal structures of approximately 100 varied materials, including layer structure oxides and silicates [17-18, C6]; garnets [20, 92]; corundum and related oxides [23, 32, 63, C5]; zircon [27]; oxide and silicate spinels [28, 67, 119, C1]; nitrates and nitrites [29]; rutile-type oxides [34]; methane, argon, and other condensed gases [33, 39, 43, 74, 101, C17, C23]; elemental Pr [42, C19]; gillespite [48]; aluminosilicates [58, 134, 135]; niobates, tungstates, and molybdates [61, 62]; beryllium oxide and silicates [64, 66, 68, 71, 34]; ilvaite [69, C32]; olivine-type phases [72, 73, 129, C18]; phosphates [70, 120]; organic molecular solids [75, 116, 126]; flourides [C9], feldspars [82, 125, 142]; feldspathoids [86]; pyroxenes and pyroxenoids [87, 95, 118, 141, C3, C11, C25, C28, C29]; quartz [90]; Mg-Fe wadsleyite [100, 108, 117; 146, 147, C39]; sulfides [110]; akermanite [132]; and amphiboles [137].

Hazen and Finger also measured high-temperature crystal structures [68, 72], solved new crystal structures [37, 94, 103, 144, C24, C27, C35], described varied reversible phase transitions [65, 69, 120, 132, 137, 141, C30, C31, C32], and contributed theoretical treatments of “comparative crystal chemistry,” which resulted in the 1982 publication of a Wiley monograph of that title [44], as well as many review papers [30, 35, 41, 46, 50, 52, 54, 59, 60, 78, 83, 111, 124, 139, C7, C14]. In 1977 Hazen co-organized the first international mineral physics conference at Airlie House, Virginia with Charles Prewitt, and he continued in leadership roles in the mineral physics community for the next two decades.

Airlie House Photo

The period 1976-1996 saw the development of empirical descriptions of systematic trends in thermal expansion and compression of structural elements (notably the “bulk modulus-volume relationship” for cation polyhedra) [30, 31, C10]. Among the surprising findings in those “early days” of high-pressure crystallographic research were: the 1979 recognition of “compressibility collapse” transitions from high-symmetry non-tilted polyhedral networks to low-symmetry tilted arrays with much enhanced compressibility [26, 56, 57]; the 1982 discovery of high-pressure expansion of the a-axis of bismuth vanadate as a consequence of a cross-linked polyhedral network [45, 65]; the 1983 finding of anomalous compressibility of zeolites in molecular media of different sizes (small molecules enter the structures and lead to high bulk moduli, whereas large molecules don’t enter zeolite channels and thus can “crumple” the structure) [47, 55, C37]; the 1984 measurement of the effect of non-stoichiometry on wüstite (Fe_1-xO) bulk modulus [49, 53, 113, C21, C22]; and the 1987 determination of the crystal structure and compressibility of H₂ using a conventional x-ray source [74].

During this period Hazen also developed improved crystallographic techniques, including modified diamond anvil cells for P-T studies [36, C15, C16, C20], x-ray techniques for viscosity measurements [51, C33, C34], and calibration techniques for high-temperature studies at pressure [40]. His 1993 Science paper, “Comparative compressibility of silicate spinels,” introduced the multiple crystal technique and was featured on the cover of that periodical [112]. That procedure is now widely employed both for studies of comparative compressibility and for accurate internal pressure calibration.

In 1987-1990 Hazen led the Geophysical Laboratory research team that determined crystal structures of the famous Y-Ba-Cu oxide superconductor invented by Paul Chu and colleagues at the University of Houston [76, 77] and, subsequently, a dozen other new high-temperature oxide superconductors [80, 81, 84, 85, 88, 91, 97, 107, 121], all of which were related to the perovskite structure [79, 98]. These widely cited studies led to research on organic superconductors [116, 126], as well, and hence to research on the compressibilities, structures, and phase transitions in a variety of molecular crystals.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A recurring theme of Hazen’s crystal chemical studies was the investigation of high-pressure phases with 6-coordinated silicon [106, C38]. A 1978 Science report with Larry Finger posited that Earth’s transition zone represents the gradual transformation from IV to VI coordination in silicates [22]. Their subsequent investigations included room-pressure and high-pressure structural studies of many presumed mantle silicates, including MgSiO₃ perovskite and majorite [96, 99, 104, 122, 123], hydrous magnesium silicates [89, 105, 109, 114, 133], stishovite [102], hollandite-type phases [115, 128], and fascinating framework phases with mixed 4- and 6-coordination [127, 144]. This research led to the recognition of a large class of 4-6 framework structures, as reported in Science in 1996 [130].

In the final years of Hazen’s crystal chemical research, he employed the multiple crystal technique to investigate effects of cation order-disorder on equations of state of orthopyroxene [118], spinels [119, 145], pseudobrookite [136, 138], and other binary oxide minerals [140, 143]. Many of these studies were conducted in collaboration with Hexiong Yang. These studies led to the recognition of “structural” versus “equilibrium” equations of state—i.e., significantly different P-V-T relationships for compounds in which order is constant upon heating versus crystals which become disordered during experimental heating [131, 148].

Hazen’s capstone effort in crystal chemistry was the 2000 publication of High-Temperature and High-Pressure Crystal Chemistry, edited and co-authored by Hazen and Robert T. Downs, which appeared as volume 41 of the Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry series [149-153]. This volume summarized both the technological developments and crystal chemical insights of 30 years of research. 

SCIENCE EDUCATION

In 1996, after a quarter century of crystallographic research, Hazen shifted his focus to the varied roles of minerals in Earth’s evolving biosphere. Surprisingly, this transition arose from his influential work in undergraduate science education—efforts that emphasized broadly interdisciplinary approaches to teaching and learning science [154-160].

 

 

 

 

PREBIOTIC CHEMISTRY AND THE ORIGINS OF LIFE

Hazen applied this philosophy to mineralogy and began to see important connections between mineralogy and life’s origins and evolution. His earliest studies in the mineralogical co-evolution of the geosphere and biosphere were conducted in collaboration with Geophysical Laboratory colleagues George Cody (an organic geochemist) and Hatten S. Yoder Jr. (a renowned experimental petrologist), and focused on mineral catalyzed prebiotic organic reactions. Their initial studies, published in Science, Nature, and elsewhere, demonstrated the facile mineral-mediated production of ammonia from di-nitrogen gas [161, 202], the formation of key biomolecules from CO₂ and water [162-164, 166, 167, 182, 196]; and amino acids [165, 243] at hydrothermal conditions in the presence of transition metal oxide and sulfide minerals. An important finding was that different transition elements mediate different kinds of organic reactions. This research pointed to the likelihood that minerals played a variety of roles in the origins of life [168, 173, 197].

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHIRAL SELECTION

In parallel to studies of biosynthesis, Hazen began to investigate the nature of mineral surfaces and their interactions with small organic molecules, with a special emphasis on the origins of biochemical homochirality. In a 2001 study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Hazen demonstrated experimentally for the first time chiral selection of organic molecules on chiral mineral surfaces (specifically, D- and L-aspartic acid on calcite 214-type faces) [169, 174, 190], followed by study of other chiral systems [201]. This paper, one his most widely cited works, has had significant influence on the field of chirality, which is dominated by the technological challenges associated with the manufacture of chirally pure pharmaceuticals. He also presented papers on the widespread natural occurrence of chiral mineral surfaces, notably high-indices faces on achiral minerals [177, 180, 181, 183].

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MINERAL SURFACES

Subsequent studies in collaboration with Dimitri Sverjensky and colleagues at Johns Hopkins University and the University of Delaware have employed classic potentiometric titration and batch adsorption methods coupled with IR spectroscopy, x-ray, and neutron techniques to document molecular-scale details of such interactions [193, 199, 200, 210, 215-219, 222-224, 230, 232, 245]. This work has revealed that molecular adsorption is highly dependent on pH and ionic strength of the solution, as well as solute concentration. In the case of glutamate adsorption on rutile, for example, a transition from a “lying down” to “standing up” configuration is seen at high solute concentrations—a phenomenon driven by surface crowding. Hazen’s 2006 MSA Presidential Address reviewed the context and first results from some of these developments in mineral surface science [187].

PALEONTOLOGY

These investigations in biogeology also led to a series of papers on microanalytical paleontology—the use of traditional mineralogical techniques in the study of organic molecular and isotopic signatures preserved in ancient sediments [178]. Hazen’s first investigations focused on Phanerozoic plants with Charles Kevin Boyce [170, 179, 195]. Based on isotopic studies, they showed that the enigmatic Devonian tree-like fossil Prototaxites is in fact a giant fungus. This work was followed by a sequence of publications with Nora Noffke on ancient microbial mats [175, 188, 189, 203], which documented some of Earth’s oldest fossils and pointed to the rise of photosynthesis (though probably not oxgenic) by 3.5 billion years ago. Hazen has also contributed to studies led by Anurag Sharma on microbial populations at extreme conditions [171-173].

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

COMPLEX EVOLVING SYSTEMS

These mineralogical studies also led to publications on the roles of mineral surfaces in life’s origins [168, 187, 216, 231, 244, 246], as well as more general consideration of the origins of life and the emergence of complex systems [184, 191, 192, 194, 207, 208, 211, 213, 229], including the book Genesis: The Scientific Quest for Life’s Origins (published by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences) [185] and an edited issue of Elements of origins of life [186]. These studies, including the development of the concept of “functional information” with Nobel Prize winner Jack Szostak at Harvard University [191], point to general principles of evolutionary systems, all of which feature (1) interacting “agents” that can adopt combinatorially large numbers of configurations, with (2) a selection mechanism that favors functional configurations.

MINERAL EVOLUTION

In 2007 Robert Hazen began to study the changing diversity and distribution of minerals in near-surface environments of Earth and other terrestrial planets and moons through deep time—a field that he called “mineral evolution.” In the initial 2008 publication in American Mineralogist on this idea [198], Hazen and coworkers divided Earth’s mineralogical history into ten stages, each of which saw significant changes in near-surface mineralogy. Principal findings include the realization that different planets and moons achieve different stages of mineral evolution. Furthermore, Hazen and colleagues proposed that 2/3rds of known mineral species on Earth probably could not have appeared prior to the origin and evolution of life [212, 214, 221, 227, 242]. A report in Science called this original and widely discussed framing of mineral research “the first paradigm shift in mineralogy in 200 years.”

A dozen publications, including studies of the minerals of uranium [209]; Be and B [204-206, 220, 247]; Hg, Br, and I [226]; Mo [239]; and carbon [237]; as well as clay minerals [240]; have followed the original 2008 article, and many more manuscripts are in progress. Hazen’s 2013 article on “Paleomineralogy of the Hadean Eon” [241] ties mineral evolution to considerations of life’s origins, while his 2012 book, The Story of Earth, expands on all of these themes with a narrative of Earth’s co-evolving geosphere and biosphere [225]

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DEEP CARBON OBSERVATORY

Hazen’s studies in geobiology also led to his being named Principal Investigator and Executive Director of the Deep Carbon Observatory, a 10-year program initially funded by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to study carbon’s chemical, physical, and biological roles in Earth. This growing effort currently has 1000 collaborators in 40 countries, with a projected budget exceeding $50 million and leveraged funds exceeding $500 million. He edited Carbon in Earth, volume 75 of the Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry series [233], and he contributed to five chapters in that volume [234-238]. These chapters cover aspects of carbon mineralogy, crystal chemistry, mineral physics, mineral evolution, mineral-mediated organic synthesis, and the co-evolution of the geosphere and biosphere, and thus represent a synthesis of Hazen’s four decades of mineralogical research. 

 

REFERENCES

PART I: Selected publications in crystal chemistry and high P-T crystallography (1972-2000)

1. Hazen RM, Wones DR (1972) The effect of cation substitution on the physical properties of trioctahedral micas. American Mineralogist 57(1-2):103-129

2. Smyth JR, Hazen RM (1973) The crystal structures of forsterite and hortonolite at several temperatures up to 900^oC. American Mineralogist 58(7-8):588-593 [pdf]

3. Hazen RM, Burnham CW (1973) The crystal structures of one-layer phlogopite and annite. American Mineralogist 58(9-10):889-900 [pdf]

4. Hazen RM, Burnham CW (1974) The crystal structures of gillespite I and II: a structure determination at high pressure. American Mineralogist 59(11-12):1166-1176 [pdf]

5. Grove TL, Hazen RM (1974) Alkali feldspar unit-cell parameters at liquid-nitrogen temperature: low-temperature limits of the displacive transformation. American Mineralogist 59(11-12):1327-1329 [pdf]

6. Hazen RM (1976) Effects of temperature and pressure on the cell dimensions and isotropic temperature factors of periclase. American Mineralogist 61(3-4):266-271 [pdf]

7. Hazen RM (1976) Effects of temperature and pressure on the crystal structure of forsterite. American Mineralogist 61(11-12):1280-1293 [pdf]

8. Hazen RM (1976) Effects of temperature and pressure on the crystal structures of silicate minerals. Mineralogical Society of London Bulletin 20:8

9. Hazen RM (1976) Sanidine: predicted and observed monoclinic-to-triclinic reversible phase transition at high pressure. Science 194(4260):105-107 [pdf]

10. Bassett WA, Hazen RM, Merrill L (1976) New applications of the miniature diamond pressure cell: III. High-pressure single crystal x-ray diffraction. The Physics and Chemistry of Minerals and Rocks, ed Strens RG (Wiley, New York), pp 459-468

11. Hazen RM (1977) Temperature, pressure, and composition: structurally analogous variables. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 1(1):83-94 [pdf]

12. Hazen RM (1977) Effects of temperature and pressure on the crystal structure of ferromagnesian olivines. American Mineralogist 62(3-4):286-295 [pdf]

13. Hazen RM, Prewitt CT (1977) Linear compressibilities of low albite: High-pressure structural implications. American Mineralogist 62(5-6):554-558 [pdf]

14. Hazen RM (1977) Mechanisms of transformation and twinning in gillespite at high pressure. American Mineralogist 62(5-6):528-533 [pdf]

15. Hazen RM, Prewitt CT (1977) Effects of temperature and pressure on interatomic distances in oxygen-based minerals. American Mineralogist 62(3-4):309-315 [pdf]

16. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1977) Crystal structure and compositional variation of Angra dos Reis fassaite. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 35(2):357-362 [pdf]

17. Hazen RM, Mao HK, Bell PM(1977) Effects of compositional variation on absorption spectra of lunar olivines. Proceedings of the Lunar Science Conference 8:1081-1090 [pdf]

18. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1978) Crystal structures and compressibilities of layer minerals at high pressure. I. BN and SnS₂. American Mineralogist 63(3-4):289-292 [pdf]

19. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1978) Crystal structures and compressibilities of layer minerals at high pressure. II. phlogopite and chlorite. American Mineralogist 63(3-4):293-296 [pdf]

20. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1978) Crystal structures and compressibilities of pyrope and grossularite to 60 kilobars. American Mineralogist 63(3-4):297-303 [pdf]

21. Hazen RM, Wones DR (1978) Predicted and observed compositional limits of trioctahedral micas. American Mineralogist 63(9-10):885-892 [pdf]

22. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1978) Crystal chemistry of silicon-oxygen bonds at high pressure: implications for the earth's mantle mineralogy. Science 201(4361):1122-1123 [pdf]

23. Finger LW, Hazen RM (1978) Crystal structure and compression of ruby to 46 kbar. Journal of Applied Physics 49:5823-5826 [pdf]

24. Hazen RM, Mao HK, Bell PM (1978) Effects of compositional variation on absorption spectra of lunar pyroxene. Proceedings of the Lunar Science Conference 9:2919-2934 [pdf]

25. Bell PM, Mao HK, Hazen RM (1978) The Luna 24 sample from Mare Crisium: New structural features in lunar glasses deduced from a study of crystal-field spectra. Proceedings of the Conference on Luna 24, 265-280 [pdf]

26. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1979) Polyhedral tilting: a common type of phase transition and its relationship to analcite at high pressure. Phase Transitions 1:1-22 [pdf]

27. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1979) Crystal structure and compressibility of zircon at high pressure. American Mineralogist 64(1-2):196-201 [pdf]

28. Finger LW, Hazen RM, Yagi T (1979) Crystal structures and electron density studies of nickel and iron silicate spinels at elevated temperature or pressure. American Mineralogist 64(9-10):1002-1009 [pdf]

29. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1979) Linear compressibilities of NaNO₂ and NaNO₃. Journal of Applied Physics 50:6826-6828 [pdf]

30. Finger LW, Hazen RM (1979) Response of oxygen-based structures to changes in temperature, pressure and composition. Transactions of the American Crystallographic Association 15:93-105 [pdf]

31. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1979) Bulk modulus-volume relationship for cation-anion polyhedra. Journal of Geophysical Research 84:6723-6728 [pdf]

32. Finger LW, Hazen RM (1980) Crystal structures and isothermal compression of Fe₂O₃, Cr₂O₃ and V₂O₃ to 50 kbar. Journal of Applied Physics 51:5362-5367 [pdf]

33. Hazen RM, Mao HK, Finger LW, Bell PM (1980) Structure and compression of crystalline methane at high pressure and room temperature. Applied Physics Letters 37:288-289 [pdf]

34. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1981) Bulk moduli and high-pressure crystal structures of rutile-type compounds. Journal of the Physics and Chemistry of Solids 42(3):143-151 [pdf]

35. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1981) Module structure variation with temperature, pressure and composition: a key to the stability of modular structures? Structure and Bonding in Crystals, volume 2, eds Navrotsky A, O'Keefe M (Academic Press, New York) pp 109-116

36. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1981) High-temperature diamond anvil pressure cell for single-crystal studies. Review of Scientific Instruments 52(1):75-79 [pdf]

37. Spear F, Hazen RM, Rumble D (1981) Wonesite: a new rock-forming silicate from the Post Pond Volcanics, Vermont. American Mineralogist 66:100-105 [pdf]

38. Hazen RM, Finger LW, Velde D (1981) Crystal structure of a silica- and alkali-rich trioctahedral mica. American Mineralogist 66(5-6):586-591 [pdf]

39. Finger LW, Hazen RM, Zou G, Mao HK, Bell PM (1981) Structure and compression of crystalline argon and neon at high pressure and room temperature. Applied Physics Letters 39(11):892-894 [pdf]

40. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1981) Calcium fluoride as an internal pressure standard in high-pressure/high-temperature crystallography. Journal of Applied Crystallography 14:234-236 [pdf]

41. Finger LW, Hazen RM (1981) X-ray crystallographic studies at high pressure and high temperature. High Pressure as a Reagent and an Environment (American Chemical Society, Washingtion), pp 77-81 [pdf]

42. Mao HK, Hazen RM, Bell PM, Wittig J (1981) Evidence for a localized 4f-shell breakdown in praseodymium under pressure. Journal of Applied Physics 52(7):4572-4574 [pdf]

43. Zou G, Mao HK, Finger LW, Bell PM, Hazen RM (1981) Interatomic potentials for solid argon and neon at high pressures. Physics of Solids under High Pressure, eds Schilling JS, Skelton RN (North-Holland Publishing Co, Amsterdam), pp 137-140

44. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1982) Comparative Crystal Chemistry: Temperature, Pressure, Composition and the Variation of Crystal Structure. (J. Wiley & Sons, London) 231 p

45. Hazen RM, Mariathasan JW (1982) Bismuth vanadate: a high-pressure, high-temperature crystallographic study of the ferroelastic-paraelastic transition. Science 216(4549):991-993 [pdf]

46. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1982) High-temperature and high-pressure crystal chemistry. High-Pressure Researches in Geosciences, ed Schreyer W (Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuch Handlung, Stuttgart), pp 151-176 [pdf]

47. Hazen RM (1983) Zeolite molecular sieve 4A: anomalous compressibility and volume discontinuities at high pressure. Science 219(4588):1065-1067 [pdf]

48. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1983) High-pressure and high-temperature crystallographic study of the gillespite I-II phase transition. American Mineralogist 68:595-603 [pdf]

49. Jeanloz RL, Hazen RM (1983) Compression, nonstoichiometry and bulk viscosity of wüstite. Nature 304:620-622 [pdf]

50. Hazen RM (1983) Acceptance of the Mineralogical Society of America Award for 1982. American Mineralogist 68(5-6):655-656

51. Hazen RM, Sharpe MR (1983) Radiographic determination of the positions of platinum spheres in density-viscosity studies of silicate melts. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 82:428-430

52. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1984) Comparative crystal chemistry. American Scientist 72:143-150

53. Hazen RM, Jeanloz RL (1984) Wüstite (Fe_1-xO): a review of its defect structure and physical properties. Review of Geophysics and Space Physics 22(1):37-46

54. Hazen RM (1984) Mineralogy: A historical review. Journal of Geological Education 32(5):288-298

55. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1984) Compressibility of zeolite 4A is dependent on the molecular size of the hydrostatic pressure media. Journal of Applied Physics 56(6):1838-1840 [pdf]

56. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1984) Compressibilities and high-pressure phase transitions of sodium tungstate perovskites (Na_xWO₃). Journal of Applied Physics 56(2):311-313 [pdf]

57. Mendes Filho J, Lemnos V, Cerdeira F, Katiyar RS, Hazen RM, Finger LW (1984) Raman and x-ray studies of a high-pressure phase transition in b-LiIO₃ and the study of anharmonic effects. Physical Review B30:7212-7218 [pdf]

58. Ralph RL, Finger LW, Hazen RM, Ghose S (1984) Compressibility and crystal structure of andalusite at high pressure. American Mineralogist 69(5-6):513-519 [pdf]

59. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1985) Crystal compression. Scientific American 252:110-117 [pdf]

60. Hazen RM (1985) Comparative crystal chemistry and the polyhedral approach. Reviews in Mineralogy 14:317-346

61. Mariathasan JWE, Finger LW, Hazen RM (1985) High-pressure behavior of LaNbO₄. Acta Crystallographica B41:179-184 [pdf]

62. Hazen RM, Finger LW, Mariathasan JWE (1985) High-pressure crystal chemistry of scheelite-type tungstates and molybdates. International Journal of the Physics and Chemistry of Solids 46(2):253-263 [pdf]

63. Au AY, Hazen RM (1985) Polyhedral modeling of the elastic properties of corundum (a-Al₂O₃) and chrysoberyl (Al₂BeO₄). Geophysical Research Letters 12(10):725-728 [pdf]

64. Hazen RM, Au AY (1986) High-pressure crystal chemistry of phenakite (Be₂SiO₄) and bertrandite (Be₄Si₂O₇(OH)₂). Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13(2):69-78 [pdf]

65. Mariathasan JWE, Hazen RM, Finger LW (1986) Crystal structure of the high-pressure form of BiVO₄. Phase Transitions 6(3):165-174 [pdf]

66. Hazen RM, Au AY, Finger LW (1986) High-pressure crystal chemistry of beryl (Be₃Al₂Si₆O₁₈) and euclase (BeAlSiO₄OH). American Mineralogist 71(7-8):977-984 [pdf]

67. Finger LW, Hazen RM, Hofmeister AM (1986) High-pressure crystal chemistry of spinel (MgAl₂O₄) and magnetite (Fe₃O₄): Comparisons with silicate spinels. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13(4):215-220 [pdf]

68. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1986) High-pressure and high-temperature crystal chemistry of beryllium oxide. Journal of Applied Physics 59(11):3728-3733 [pdf]

69. Finger LW, Hazen RM (1987) The crystal structure of monoclinic ilvaite and the nature of the monoclinic--orthorhombic transition at high pressure. Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 179:415-430 [pdf]

70. Hazen RM, Finger LW, Agrawal DK, McKinstry HA, Perrotta AJ (1987) High-temperature crystal chemistry of sodium zirconium phosphate (NZP). Materials Research Bulletin 2(3):329-337 [pdf]

71. Hazen RM (1987) High-pressure crystal chemistry of chyrsoberyl, Al₂BeO₄: Insights on the origin of olivine elastic anisotropy. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 14(1):13-20 [pdf]

72. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1987) High-temperature crystal chemistry of phenakite (Be₂SiO₄) and chrysoberyl (BeAl₂O₄). Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 14(5):426-434 [pdf]

73. Sharp ZD, Hazen RM, Finger LW (1987) High-pressure crystal chemistry of monticellite, CaMgSiO₄. American Mineralogist 72(7-8):748-755 [pdf]

74. Hazen RM, Mao HK, Finger LW, Hemley RJ (1987) Single-crystal x-ray diffraction of n-H₂ at high pressure. Physical Review B36:3944-3947

75. Hazen RM, Hoering TC, Hofmeister AM (1987) Compressibility and high-pressure phase transition of a metalloporphyrin: (5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-12H,23H-porphinato)cobalt(II). Journal of Physical Chemistry 91(19):5042-5045 [pdf]

76. Hazen RM, Finger LW, Angel RJ, Prewitt CT, Ross NL, Mao HK, Hadidiacos CG, Hor PH, Meng RL, Chu CW (1987) Crystallographic description of phases in the Y-Ba-Cu-O superconductor. Physical Review B35:7238-7241 [pdf]

77. Ross NL, Angel RJ, Finger LW, Hazen RM, Prewitt CT (1987) Oxygen-defect perovskites and the 93-K superconductor. Chemistry of High-Temperature Superconductors, eds Nelson DL, Whittingham MS, George TF. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 351:164-172 [pdf]

78. Hazen RM (1988) A useful fiction: Polyhedral modeling of mineral properties. American Journal of Science 288A (Wones Volume):242-269 [pdf]

79. Hazen RM (1988) Perovskites. Scientific American 258(6):74-81

80. Veblen DR, Heaney PJ, Angel RJ, Finger LW, Hazen RM, Prewitt CT, Ross NL, Chu CW, Hor PH, Meng RL (1988) Crystallography, chemistry, and structural disorder in the new high-Tc Bi-Ca-Sr-Cu-O superconductor. Nature 332:334-337 [pdf]

81. Hazen RM, Prewitt CT, Angel RJ, Ross NL, Finger LW, Hadidiacos CG, Veblen DR, Heaney PJ, Hor PH, Meng RL, Sun YY, Wang YQ, Xue YY, Huang ZJ, Gao L, Bechtold J, Chu CW (1988) Superconductivity in the high-Tc Bi-Ca-Sr-Cu-O system: Phase identification. Physical Review Letters 60:1174-1177 [pdf]

82. Angel R J, Hazen RM, McCormick TC, Prewitt CT, Smyth JR (1988) Comparative compressibility of end-member feldspars. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 15(4):313-318 [pdf]

83. Mao HK, Jephcoat AP, Hemley RJ, Finger LW, Zha CS, Hazen RM, Cox DE (1988) Synchrotron x-ray diffraction measurements of single-crystal hydrogen to 26.5 Gigapascals. Science 239(4844):1131-1134 [pdf]

84. Hazen RM, Finger LW, Angel RJ, Prewitt CT, Ross NL, Hadidiacos CG, Heaney PJ, Veblen DR, Sheng ZZ, El Ali A, Hermann AM (1988) 100 K superconducting phases in the Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O system. Physical Review Letters 60:1657-1659 [pdf]

85. Meng RL, Hor PH, Sun YY, Huang ZJ, Gao L, Xue YY, Wang YQ, Bechtold J, Chu CW, Hazen RM, Prewitt CT, Angel RJ, Ross NL, Finger LW, Hadidiacos CG (1988) The 120K-superconducting phase in Bi-Ca-Sr-Cu-O. Modern Physics Letters B2:543-549 [pdf]

86. Hazen RM, Sharp ZD (1988) Compressibility of sodalite and scapolite. American Mineralogist 73(9-10):1120-1122 [pdf]

87. Angel RJ, Gasparik T, Ross NL, Finger LW, Prewitt CT, Hazen RM (1988) A silica-rich sodium pyroxene phase with six-coordinated silicon. Nature 335:156-158 [pdf]

88. Sheng ZZ, Hermann AM, Vier DC, Schultz S, Oseroff SB, George DJ, Hazen RM (1988) Superconductivity in the Tl-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system. Physical Review B38:7074-7076 [pdf]

89. Finger LW, Ko J, Hazen RM, Gasparik T, Hemley RJ, Prewitt CT, Weidner DJ (1989) Crystal chemistry of phase B and an anhydrous analogue: implications for water storage in the upper mantle. Nature 341:140-142 [pdf]

90. Hazen RM, Finger LW, Hemley RJ, Mao HK (1989) High-pressure crystal chemistry and amorphization of alpha-quartz. Solid State Communications 72(5):507-511 [pdf]

91. Hazen RM, Finger LW, Morris DE (1989) Crystal structure of DyBa₂Cu₄O₈: A new 77 K bulk superconductor. Applied Physics Letters 54(11):1057-1059 [pdf]

92. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1989) High-pressure crystal chemistry of andradite and pyrope: revised procedures for high-pressure diffraction experiments. American Mineralogist 74(3-4):352-359 [pdf]

93. Angel RJ, Finger LW, Hazen RM, Kanzaki M, Weidner DJ, Liebermann RC, Veblen DR (1989) Structure and twinning of single-crystal MgSiO₃ garnet synthesized at 17 GPa and 1800^oC. American Mineralogist 74(3-4):509-512 [pdf]

94. Finger LW, Hazen RM, Hemley RJ (1989) BaCuSi₂O₆: A new cyclosilicate with four-membered rings. American Mineralogist 74(7-8):952-955 [pdf]

95. McComick CT, Hazen RM, Ross NL (1989) Compressibility of omphacite to 60 kbar: Role of vacancies. American Mineralogist 74(11-12):1287-1292 [pdf]

96. Ross NL, Hazen RM (1989) Single-crystal diffraction study of MgSiO₃ perovskite from 77 to 400 K. Physics and Chemistry Minerals 16(5):415-420 [pdf]

97. Morris DE, Nickel JH, Wei JYT, Asmar NG, Scott JS, Scheven UM, Hultgren CT, Markelz AG, Post JE, Heaney PJ, Veblen DR, Hazen RM (1989) Eight new high temperature superconductors with the 1:2:4 structure. Physical Review B39(10):7347-7350 [pdf]

98. Hazen RM (1990) Crystal structures of high-temperature superconductors. Physical Properties of High-Temperature Superconductors II, ed Ginsberg DM (World Scientific, New Jersey), pp 121-198 [pdf]

99. Ross NL, Hazen RM (1990) High-pressure crystal chemistry of MgSiO₃ perovskite. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 17(3):228-237 [pdf]

100. Hazen RM, Zhang J, Ko J (1990) Effects of Fe/Mg on the compressibility of synthetic wadsleyite: beta-(Mg_1-xFe_x)2SiO₄(x0.25). Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 17(5):416-419 [pdf]

101. Hemley RJ, Mao HK, Finger LW, Jephcoat AP, Hazen RM, Zha CS (1990) Equation of state of solid hydrogen and deuterium from single-crystal X-ray diffraction to 26.5 GPa. Physical Review B42(10):6458-6470 [pdf]

102. Ross NL, Shu JF, Hazen RM, Gasparik T (1990) High-pressure crystal chemistry of stishovite. American Mineralogist 75(7-8):739-747 [pdf]

103. Angel RJ, Ross NL, Finger LW, Hazen RM (1990) Ba₃CaCuSi₆O₁₇: A new {lB,1_¹} {⁴Si₆O₁₇} chain silicate. Acta Crystallographica C46:2028-2030 [pdf]

104. Ross NL, Hazen RM (1990) High-pressure crystal chemistry of MgSiO₃ perovskite. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 17(3):228-237 [pdf]

105. Finger LW, Hazen RM, Prewitt CT (1991) Crystal structures of Mg₁₂Si₄O₁₉(OH)₂ (Phase B) and Mg₁₄Si₅O₂₄ (Phase AnhB). American Mineralogist 76(1-2):1-7 [pdf]

106. Finger LW, Hazen RM (1991) Crystal chemistry of six-coordinated silicon: A key to understanding the earth's deep interior. Acta Crystallographica B47:561-580 [pdf]

107. Sheng ZZ, Gu DX, Xin Y, Pederson DO, Finger LW, Hadidiacos CG, Hazen RM (1991) A new 1212-type phase: Cr-substituted TlSr₂CaCu₂O₇ with T_c up to about 110 K. Modern Physics Letters B5:635-642 [pdf]

108. Jeanloz R, Hazen RM (1991) Finite strain analysis of relative compressibilities: Application to the high-pressure wadsleyite phase as an illustration. American Mineralogist 76(9-10):1765-1768 [pdf]

109. Hazen RM, Finger LW, Ko J (1992) Crystal chemistry of Fe-bearing anhydrous phase B: Implications for transition zone mineralogy. American Mineralogist 77(1-2):217-220 [pdf]

110. McCammon C, Zhang JM, Hazen RM, Finger LW (1992) High-pressure crystal chemistry of cubanite, CuFe₂S₃. American Mineralogist 77(9-10):937-944 [pdf]

111. Hazen RM (1993) The New Alchemists: Breaking through the barriers of high-pressure research. (Doubleday, New York) 286 p 

112. Hazen RM (1993) Comparative compressibility of silicate spinels: anomalous behavior of (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄. Science 259(5092):206-209 and cover [pdf]

113. Jeanloz R, Hazen RM (1993) Composition limits of Fe_xO and the Earth's lower mantle. Science 261(5123):923-924 [pdf]

114. Kudoh Y, Finger LW, Hazen RM, Prewitt CT, Kanzaki M, Veblen DR (1993) Phase E: A high-pressure hydrous silicate with unique crystal chemistry. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 19(6):357-360 [pdf]

115. Zhang JM, Ko J, Hazen RM, Prewitt CT (1993) High-pressure crystal chemistry of KAlSi₃O₈ hollandite. American Mineralogist 78(5-6):493-499 [pdf]

116. Schultz AJ, Geiser U, Wang HH, Williams JM, Finger LW, Hazen RM (1993) High pressure structural phase transitions in the organic superconductor k-(ET)₂Cu[N(CN)₂]Cl. Physica C208(3-4):277-285 [pdf]

117. Finger LW, Hazen RM, Zhang JM, Ko J, Navrotsky A (1993) The effect of Fe on the crystal structure of wadsleyite beta-(Mg_1-xFe_x)₂SiO₄, 0.00<x<0.40. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 19(6):361-368 [pdf]

118. Hazen RM, Finger LW, Ko J (1993) Effects of pressure on Mg-Fe ordering in an orthopyroxene synthesized at 11.3 GPa and 1600^oC. American Mineralogist 78(11-12):1336-1339 [pdf]

119. Hazen RM, Downs RT, Finger LW, Ko J (1993) Crystal chemistry of ferromagnesian silicate spinels: Evidence for Mg-Si disorder. American Mineralogist 78(11-12):1320-1323 [pdf]

120. Hazen RM, Palmer DC, Finger LW, Stuckey GD, Harrison WTA, Gier TE (1994) High-pressure crystal chemistry and phase transition of RbTi₂(PO₄)₃. Journal of Physics of Condensed Matter 6(7):1333-1334 [pdf]

121. Finger LW, Hazen RM, Downs RT, Meng RL, Chu CW (1994) Crystal chemistry of HgBa₂CaCu₂O_8+d and HgBa₂Ca₂Cu₃O_8+d: single crystal x-ray diffraction results. Physica C226(3-4):216-221 [pdf]

122. Hazen RM, Downs RT, Finger LW, Conrad PG, Gasparik T (1994) Crystal chemistry of Ca-bearing majorite. American Mineralogist 79(5-6):581-584 [pdf]

123. Hazen RM, Downs RT, Conrad PG, Finger LW, Gasparik T (1994) Comparative compressibilities of majorite-type garnets. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 21(5):344-349 [pdf]

124. Filatov SK, Hazen RM (1994) High-temperature and high-pressure crystal chemistry. Advanced Mineralogy, ed Marfunin AS (Springer-Verlag, New York), pp 76-89 

125. Downs RT, Hazen RM, Finger LW (1994) The high-pressure crystal chemistry of low albite and the origin of the pressure dependency of Al-Si ordering. American Mineralogist 79(11-12):1042-1052 [pdf]

126. Schultz AJ, Wang HH, Williams JM, Finger LW, Hazen RM, Rovira C, Whangbo MH (1994) X-ray diffraction and electronic band structure study of organic superconductor k-(ET)₂Cu[N(CN)₂]Cl at pressures up to 28 kbar. Physica C234:300-306 [pdf]

127. Finger LW, Hazen RM, Fursenko BA (1995) Refinement of the crystal structure of BaSi₄O₉ in the benitoite form. Journal of the Physical Chemistry of Solids 56(10):1389-1393 [pdf]

128. Downs RT, Hazen RM, Finger LW, Gasparik T (1995) Crystal chemistry of lead aluminosilicate hollandite: a new high-pressure synthetic phase with octahedral Si. American Mineralogist 80(9-10):937-940 [pdf]

129. Hazen RM, Downs RT, Finger LW (1996) High-pressure crystal chemistry of LiScSiO_4: An olivine with nearly isotropic compression. American Mineralogist 81(3-4):327-340 [pdf]

130. Hazen RM, Downs RT, Finger LW (1996) High-pressure framework silicates. Science 272(5269):1769-1771 [pdf]

131. Hazen RM, Navrotsky A (1996) Effects of pressure on order-disorder reactions. American Mineralogist 81(9-10):1021-1035 [pdf]

132. Yang H, Hazen RM, Downs RT, Finger LW (1997) Structural change associated with the incommensurate-normal phase transition in akermanite, Ca₂MgSi₂O₇, at high pressure. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 24(7):510-519 [pdf]

133. Hazen RM, Yang H, Prewitt CT, Gasparik T (1997) Crystal chemistry of superfluorous phase B (Mg₁₀Si₃O₁₄F₄): Implications for fluorine in the mantle. American Mineralogist 82(5-6):647-650 [pdf]

134. Yang H, Downs RT, Finger LW, Hazen RM, Prewitt CT (1997) Compressibility and crystal structure of kyanite, Al₂SiO₅, at high pressure. American Mineralogist 82(5-6):467-474 [pdf]

135. Yang H, Hazen RM, Finger LW, Prewitt CT, Downs RT (1997) Compressibility and crystal structure of sillimanite, Al₂SiO₅, at high pressure. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 25(1):39-47 [pdf]

136. Hazen RM, Yang H (1997) Increased compressibility of pseudobrookite-type MgTi₂O₅ caused by cation disorder. Science 277(5334):1965-1967 [pdf]

137. Yang H, Hazen RM, Prewitt CT, Finger LW, Lu R, Hemley RJ (1998) High-pressure single-crystal x-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopic studies of the C2/m-P2₁/m phase transition in cummingtonite. American Mineralogist 83(3-4):288-299 [pdf]

138. Yang H, Hazen RM (1998) Crystal chemistry of cation order-disorder in pseudobrookite-type MgTi₂O₅. Journal of Solid State Chemistry 138(2):238-244 [pdf]

139. Hazen RM (1999) The Diamond Makers. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge) 236 p

140. Yang H, Hazen RM (1999) Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of karrooite, MgTi₂O₅, with different ordering states. American Mineralogist 84(1-2):130-137 [pdf]

141. Yang H, Finger LW, Conrad PG, Prewitt CT, Hazen RM (1999) A new pyroxene structure at high pressure: Single-crystal X-ray and Raman study of the Pbcn-P2₁ phase transition in protopyroxene. American Mineralogist 84(3):245-256 [pdf]

142. Downs RT, Yang H, Hazen RM, Finger LW, Prewitt CT (1999) Compressibility mechanisms of alkali feldspars: New data from reedmergnerite. American Mineralogist 84(3):333-340 [pdf]

143. Ghiorso MS, Yang H, Hazen RM (1999) Thermodynamics of cation ordering in karrooite (MgTi₂O₅). American Mineralogist 84(9):1370-1374 [pdf]

144. Hazen RM, Yang H, Finger LW, Fursenko BA (1999) Crystal chemistry of high-pressure BaSi₄O₉ in the trigonal (P3) barium tetragermanate structure. American Mineralogist 84(5-6):987-989 [pdf]

145. Hazen RM, Yang H (1999) Effects of cation substitution and order-disorder on P-V-T equations of state of cubic spinels. American Mineralogist 84(11-12):1956-1960 [pdf]

146. Hazen RM, Weinberger MB, Yang H, Prewitt CT (2000) Comparative high-pressure crystal chemistry of wadsleyite, beta-(Mg_1-xFe_x)₂SiO₄, with x = 0 and 0.25. American Mineralogist 85(5-6):770-777 [pdf]

147. Hazen RM, Yang H, Prewitt CT (2000) High-pressure crystal chemistry of Fe³⁺-wadsleyite, beta-Fe_2.33Si_0.67O₄. American Mineralogist 85(5-6):778-783 [pdf]

148. Hazen RM (2000) Isostructural versus equilibrium equations of state. High-Pressure Science and Technology 17:591-594 [pdf]

149. Hazen RM, Downs RT, eds (2000) High-Temperature and High-Pressure Crystal Chemistry. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry (Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly) 41:596 p

150. Smyth JR, Jacobsen SD, Hazen RM (2000) Comparative crystal chemistry of dense oxide minerals. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 41:157-186

151. Smyth JR, Jacobsen SD, Hazen RM (2000) Comparative crystal chemistry of orthosilicate minerals. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 41:187-210

152. Finger LW, Hazen RM (2000) Systematics of high-pressure silicate structures. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 41:123-155

153. Hazen RM, Downs RT, Prewitt CT (2000) Principles of comparative crystal chemistry. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 41:1-33

 

PART II: Selected publications on scientific literacy, science education policy, and unanswered questions. All of these publications relate in part to Earth materials science education. These and other studies led to Hazen’s shift from crystallographic research to investigations of the co-evolution of the geosphere and biosphere (1991-present).

154. Hazen RM, Trefil JS (1991) Science Matters: Achieving Scientific Literacy. (Doubleday, New York). Paperback edition, 1992 (Anchor, New York)

155. Hazen RM, Trefil JS (1991) Achieving geological literacy. Journal of Geological Education 39:28-30 [pdf]

156. Hazen RM, Trefil JS (1991) Achieving scientific literacy. Chronicle of Higher Education, A44 [pdf]

157. Hazen RM, Trefil JS (1991) Achieving chemical literacy. Journal of Chemical Education 68:392-394 [pdf]

158. Trefil JS, Hazen RM (1995) The Sciences: An Integrated Approach, 1st edition. (Wiley, New York) 634 p. Now in its 7^th edition (2012)

159. Hazen RM, Singer M (1997) Why Aren't Black Holes Black: The Unanswered Questions at the Frontiers of Science. (Doubleday, New York)

160. Working Group on Teaching Evolution [13 authors including Hazen RM] (1998) Teaching About Evolution and the Nature of Science. (National Academy of Sciences Press, Washington) 140 p

 

Part III: Selected publications on origins of life, mineral surfaces, and the mineralogical co-evolution of the geo- and biospheres (1998-present)

161. Brandes JA, Boctor NZ, Cody GD, Cooper BA, Hazen RM, Yoder Jr. HS (1998) Abiotic nitrogen reduction in the early Earth. Nature 395:365-367 [pdf]

162. Hazen RM (1998) The stuff of life: What was life's first energy source? The Planetary Report 18:16-17

163. Hazen RM (1999) A new perspective on the origin of life. The NOVA Reader: Science at the Turn of the Millennium, ed Hackman S (TV Books, New York) pp 48-54

164. Cody GD, Boctor NZ, Filley TR, Hazen RM, Scott JH, Sharma A, Yoder Jr. HS (2000) Primordial carbonylated iron-sulfur compounds and the synthesis of pyruvate. Science 289(5483):1337-1340 [pdf]

165. Brandes JA, Hazen RM, Yoder Jr. HS, Cody GD (2000) Early pre- and post-biotic synthesis of alanine: an alternative to the Strecker synthesis. Perspectives in Amino Acid and Protein Geochemistry, eds Goodfriend GA, Collins MJ, Fogel ML, Macko SA, Wehmiller JF (Oxford University Press, New York) pp 41-59 [pdf]

166. Hazen RM (2001) Emergence and the origin of life. Fundamentals of Life, ed Pályi G (Elsevier, New York) pp 41-50

167. Cody GD, Boctor NZ, Hazen RM, Brandes JA, Morowitz HJ, Yoder Jr. HS (2001) Geochemical roots of autotrophic carbon fixation: Hydrothermal experiments in the system citric acid, H₂O-(±FeS)-(±NiS). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65(20):3557-3576 [pdf]

168. Hazen RM (2001) Life’s rocky start. Scientific American 284(4):76-85. Also included in Best Science Writing of 2001, ed Angier N [pdf]

169. Hazen RM, Filley TR, Goodfriend GA (2001) Selective adsorption of L- and D-amino acids on calcite: implications for biochemical homochirality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98(10):5487-5490 [pdf]

170. Boyce CK, Hazen RM, Knoll AH (2001) Nondestructive, in situ, cellular-scale mapping of elemental abundances including organic carbon in permineralized fossils. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98(11):5970-5974 [pdf]

171. Hazen RM, Roedder E (2001) How old are bacteria from the Permian age? Nature 411:155 [pdf]

172. Sharma A, Scott JH, Cody GD, Fogel ML, Hazen RM, Hemley R, Huntress WT (2002) Microbial activity at gigapascal pressures. Science 295(5559):1514-1516 [pdf]

173. Hazen RM, Boctor N, Brandes JA, Cody GD, Hemley RJ, Sharma A, Yoder Jr. HS (2002) High pressure and the origin of life. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 14(44):11489

174. Hazen RM, Sholl DS (2003) Chiral selection on inorganic crystalline surfaces. Nature Materials 2:367-374 [pdf]

175. Noffke N, Hazen RM, Nhleko N (2003) Earth’s earliest microbial mats in a siliciclastic marine environment (2.9 Ga Mozaan Group, South Africa). Geology 31(8):673-676 [pdf]

176. Hazen RM (2003) Factors that influence the emergence of complexity in prebiotic geochemical systems. Astrobiology 2(4):599

177. Hazen RM, Sholl DS (2003) Origins of biomolecular homochirality: selective molecular adsorption on crystalline surfaces. Astrobiology 2(4):598-599 [pdf]

178. Hazen RM, Steele A, Toporski J, Cody GD, Fogel ML, Huntress Jr. WT (2003) Biosignatures and abiosignatures. Astrobiology 2(4):512-513

179. Boyce CK, Cody GD, Fogel ML, Hazen RM, Alexander CMO'D, Knoll AH (2003) Chemical evidence for cell wall lignifications and the evolution of tracheids in early Devonian plants. International Journal of Plant Science 164(5):691-702 [pdf]

180. Hazen RM (2004) Chiral crystal faces of common rock-forming minerals. Progress in Biological Chirality, eds Palyi G, Zucchi C, Cagglioti L (Elsevier, New York) pp 137-151 [pdf]

181. Churchill H, Teng H, Hazen RM (2004) Correlation of pH-dependent surface interaction forces to amino acid adsorption: Implications for the origin of life. American Mineralogist 89(7):1048-1055 [pdf]

182. Cody GD, Boctor NZ, Brandes JA, Filley TR, Hazen RM, Yoder Jr. HS (2004) Assaying the catalytic potential of transition metal sulfides for abiotic carbon fixation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 68(10):2185-2196 [pdf]

183. Downs RT, Hazen RM (2004) Chiral indices of crystalline surfaces as a measure of enantioselective potential. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 216(2):273-285 [pdf]

184. Hazen RM (2004) Mineralogy I: Bones to Mars. Geotimes 49(7):24-26

185. Hazen RM (2005) Genesis: The Scientific Quest for Life’s Origin. (Joseph Henry Press, Washington) 339 p. Softcover edition, 2007. Also Korean edition.

186. Hazen RM (2005) Genesis: Rocks, minerals and the geochemical origin of life. Elements 1(3):135-137 [pdf]

187. Hazen RM (2006) Mineral surfaces and the prebiotic selection and organization of biomolecules (Presidential Address to the Mineralogical Society of America). American Mineralogist 91(11-12):1715-1729 [pdf]

188. Noffke N, Beukes N, Gutzmer J, Hazen RM (2006) Spatial and temporal distribution of microbially induced sedimentary structures: a case study from siliciclastic storm deposits of the 2.9 Ga Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa. Precambrian Research 146(1-2):35-44

189. Noffke N, Eriksson KA, Hazen RM, Simpson EL (2006) A new window into Early Archean life: microbial mats in Earth's oldest siliciclastic tidal deposits (3.2 Ga Moodies Group, South Africa). Geology 34(4):253-256

190. Asthagiri A, Hazen RM (2007) An ab initio study of adsorption of alanine on the chiral calcite (2131) surface. Molecular Simulation 33(4-5):343-351 [pdf]

191. Hazen RM, Griffin P, Carothers JM, Szostak JW (2007) Functional information and the emergence of biocomplexity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104:8574-8581 [pdf]

192. Hazen RM (2007) The emergence of chemical complexity: An Introduction. Chemical Evolution I: Chemical Change across Space and Time, eds Zaikowski L, Friedrich JM. American Chemical Society Symposium 981:2-14

193. Ertem G, Hazen RM, Dworkin JP (2007) Sequence analysis of trimer isomers formed by montmorillonite catalysis in the reaction of binary monomer mixtures. Astrobiology 7(5):715-722 [pdf]

194. Bada J, Fegley Jr. B, Miller SL, Lazcano A, Cleaves HJ, Hazen RM, Chalmers J, Wachtershauser G, Huber C (2007) Debating evidence for the origin of life on Earth. Science 315(5814):937-939

195. Boyce CK, Hotton CL, Fogel ML, Cody GD, Hazen RM, Knoll AH, Hueber FM (2007) Devonian landscape heterogeneity recorded by a giant fungus. Geology 35(5):399-402 [pdf]

196. Hazen RM, Deamer D (2007) Hydrothermal reactions of pyruvic acid: synthesis, selection, and self-assembly of amphiphilic molecules. Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres 37(2):143-152 [pdf]

197. Hazen RM (2007) Emergence and the origin of life: Presentation, questions and responses. Workshop Report: Philosophical, Ethical, and Theological Implications of Astrobiology, eds Bertka C, Roth N, Shindell M (American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington) pp 30-40

198. Hazen RM, Papineau D, Bleeker W, Downs RT, Ferry J, McCoy T, Sverjensky D, Yang H (2008) Mineral evolution. American Mineralogist 93(11-12):1693-1720

199. Ertem G, Snellinger-O'Brien AM, Ertem MC, Rogoff DA, Dworkin JP, Johnston MV, Hazen RM (2008) Abiotic formation of RNA-like oligomers by montmorillonite catalysis: part II. International Journal of Astrobiology 7(1):1-7 [pdf]

200. Sverjensky DM, Jonsson CM, Jonsson CL, Cleaves HJ, Hazen RM (2008) Glutamate surface speciation on amorphous titanium dioxide and hydrous ferric oxide. Environmental Science & Technology 42(16):6034-6039

201. Castro-Puyana M, Salgado A, Hazen RM, Crego AL, Alegre ML (2008) The first contribution of capillary electrophoresis to the study of abiotic origins of homochirality: investigation of the enantioselective adsorption of 3-carboxy adipic acid on minerals. Electrophoresis 29(7):1548-1555 [pdf]

202. Brandes JA, Hazen RM, Yoder Jr. HS (2008) Inorganic nitrogen reduction and stability under simulated hydrothermal conditions. Astrobiology 8(6):1113-1126 [pdf]

203. Noffke N, Beukes N, Bower D, Hazen RM, Swift DJP (2008) An actualistic perspective into Archean worlds - (cyano-)bacterially induced sedimentary structures in the siliciclastic Nhlazatse Section, 2.9 Ga Pongola Supergroup, South Africa. Geobiology 6(1):5–20

204. Hazen RM (2009) The emergence of patterning in life’s origin and evolution. International Journal of Developmental Biology 53:683-692

205. Hazen RM (2009) Emergence and the experimental pursuit of the origin of life. Exploring the Origins, Extent, and Future of Life: Philosophical, Ethical, and Theological Perspectives, ed Bertka CM (Cambridge University Press, New York) pp 21-46

206. Hazen RM, Ewing RJ, Sverjensky DA (2009) Evolution of uranium and thorium minerals. American Mineralogist 94(10):1293-1311

207. Jonsson CM, Jonsson CL, Sverjensky DA, Cleaves II HJ, Hazen RM (2009) Attachment of L-glutamate to rutile (a-TiO₂): A potentiometric, adsorption, and surface complexation study. Langmuir 25(20):12127-12135 [pdf]

208. Hazen RM (2009) Chemical evolution: An introduction. Chemical Evolution II: From Origins of Life to Modern Society, eds Zaikowski L, Friedrich JM, Seidel SR. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 1025:3-13

209. Grew E, Hazen RM (2009) Evolution of the minerals of beryllium, a quintessential crustal element [Abstract]. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 41(7):99

210. Grew E, Hazen RM (2010) Evolution of the minerals of beryllium, and comparison with boron mineral evolution [Abstract]. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 42(5):199

211. Grew E, Hazen RM (2010) Evolution of boron minerals: Has early species diversity been lost from the geological record? [Abstract]. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 42(5):92

212. Hazen RM, Ferry JM (2010) Mineral evolution: Mineralogy in the fourth dimension. Elements 6(1):9-12 [pdf]

213. Hazen RM, Eldredge N (2010) Themes and variations in complex systems. Elements 6(1):43-46 [pdf]

214. Hazen RM (2010) The evolution of minerals. Scientific American 303(3):58-65

215. Cleaves II HJ, Jonsson CM, Jonsson CL, Sverjensky DA, Hazen RM (2010) Adsorption of nucleic acid components on rutile (TiO₂) surfaces. Astrobiology 10(3):311-323

216. Hazen RM, Sverjensky DA (2010) Mineral surfaces, geochemical complexities, and the origins of life. The Origins of Life, eds Deamer DW, Szostak JW. Cold Springs Harbor Perspectives in Biology, pp 157-177 [pdf]

217. Jonsson CM, Jonsson CL, Estrada C, Sverjensky DA, Cleaves II HJ, Hazen RM (2010) Adsorption of L-aspartate to rutile (a-TiO₂): Experimental and theoretical surface complexation studies. Geochemica et Cosmochemica Acta 74(8):2356-2367

218. Marshall-Bowman K, Ohara S, Sverjensky DA, Hazen RM, Cleaves II HJ (2010) Catalytic peptide hydrolysis by mineral surface: Implications for prebiotic chemistry. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 74(20):5852-5861 [pdf]

219. Bahri S, Jonsson CM, Jonsson CL, Azzolini D, Sverjensky DA, Hazen RM (2011) Adsorption and surface complexation study of L-DOPA on rutile (a-TiO₂) in NaCl solutions. Environmental Science and Technology 45(9):3959-3966

220. Grew ES, Bada JL, Hazen RM (2011) Borate minerals and origin of the RNA world. Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres 41(4):307-316 [pdf]

221. Hazen RM, Bekker A, Bish DL, Bleeker W, Downs RT, Farquhar J, Ferry JM, Grew ES, Knoll AH, Papineau D, Ralph JP, Sverjensky DA, Valley JW (2011) Needs and opportunities in mineral evolution research. American Mineralogist 96(7):953-963

222. Parikh SJ, Kubicki JD, Jonsson CM, Jonsson CL, Hazen RM, Sverjensky DA, Sparks DL (2011) Evaluating glutamate and aspartate binding mechanisms to rutile (a-TiO₂) via ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. Langmuir 27(5):1778-1787 [pdf]

223. Cleaves II HJ, Crapster-Pregont E, Jonsson CM, Jonsson CL, Sverjensky DA, Hazen RM (2011) The adsorption of short single-stranded DNA oligomers to mineral surfaces. Chemosphere 83(11):1560-1567

224. Schaffer B, Livi KJT, Azzolini D, Seabourne CR, Sader K, Shannon M, Sverjensky D, Hazen RM, Brydson R (2011) Imaging the surface of Rutile by STEM and its implication for organic molecule bonding. Proceedings of the 10th Multinational Congress on Microscopy 2011 (MCM2011), pp 591-592

225. Hazen RM (2012) The Story of Earth: The First 4.5 Billion Years, from Stardust to Living Planet. (Viking, New York) 306 p

226. Hazen RM, Golden J, Downs RT, Hystad G, Grew ES, Azzolini D, Sverjensky DA (2012) Mercury (Hg) mineral evolution: A mineralogical record of supercontinent assembly, changing ocean geochemistry, and the emerging terrestrial biosphere. American Mineralogist 97(7):1013-1042

227. Hazen RM, Papineau D (2012) Mineralogcial co-evolution of the geosphere and biosphere.  Fundamentals of Geobiology, eds Knoll AH, Canfield DE, Konhauser KO (Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford) pp 333-350

228. Hazen RM, Hemley RJ, Mangum AJ (2012) Carbon in Earth’s interior: storage, cycling, and life. EoS Transactions American Geophysical Union 93(2):17-28

229. Hazen RM (2012) Geochemical origins of life. Fundamentals of Geobiology, eds Knoll AH, Canfield DE, Konhauser KO (Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford) pp 315-332

230. Livi KJT, Schaffer B, Azzolini D, Seabourne CR, Sader K, Shannon M, Sverjensky D, Hazen RM, Brydson R (2011) Imaging the surface of Rutile by STEM and its implication for organic molecule bonding. Proceedings of the Microscopy Conference 2011 (MC2011), pp M6_P621

231. Cleaves II HJ, Scott AM, Hill FC, Leszczynski J, Sahai N, Hazen RM (2012) Mineral-organic interfacial processes: potential roles in the origins of life. Chemical Society Reviews 41(16):5502-5525 

232. Lee N, Hummer DR, Sverjensky DS, Rajh T, Hazen RM, Steele A, Cody GD (2012) Speciation of L-DOPA on nanorutile as a function of pH and surface coverage using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Langmuir 28(50):17322-17330

233. Hazen RM, Jones AP, Baross JA, eds (2013) Carbon in Earth. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry (Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly) 75:698 p

234. Hazen RM, Schiffries C (2013) Why deep carbon? Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 75:1-6

235. Hazen RM, Downs RT, Jones A, Kah L (2013) Carbon mineralogy and crystal chemistry. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 75:7-46

236. Oganov A, Hemley R, Hazen RM, Jones A (2013) Structure, bonding, and mineralogy of carbon at extreme conditions. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 75:47-77

237. Hazen RM, Downs RT, Kah L, Sverjensky DA (2013) Carbon mineral evolution. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 75:79-107

238. Sephton M, Hazen RM (2013) On the origins of deep hydrocarbons. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 75:449-465

239. Golden J, McMillan M, Downs RT, Hystad G, Goldstein I, Stein HJ, Zimmerman A, Sverjensky DA, Armstrong J, Hazen RM (2013) Rhenium variations in molybdenite (MoS₂): Evidence for progressive subsurface oxidation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 366:1-5

240. Hazen RM, Sverjensky DA, Azzolini D, Bish DL, Elmore S, Hinnov L, Milliken RE (2013) Clay mineral evolution. American Mineralogist 98(11-12):2007-2029

241. Hazen RM (2013) Paleomineralogy of the Hadean Eon: A preliminary species list.American Journal of Science 313(9):807-843

242. Hazen RM (2013) Mineral evolution. McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science & Technology 2013 (McGraw-Hill, New York) pp 247-249

243. Lee N, Foustoukos DI, Sverjensky DA, Hazen RM, Cody GD (2014) Hydrogen enhances the stability of glutamic acid in hydrothermal environments. Chemical Geology 386:184-189

244. Klochko K, Sverjensky DS, Cody GD, Hazen RM (2015) Why ribose? Competitive adsorption of pentose sugars on rutile. Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, in revision.

245. Villegas-Jimenez A, Hazen RM, Sverjensky DA (2013) A high-accuracy titration approach for the determination of thermodynamic constants in multiphase carbonate systems. Analytical Chemistry, in review.

246. Lee N, Foustoukos DI, Sverjensky DA, Cody GD, Hazen RM (2014) The effects of temperature, ph and redox state on the stability of glutamic acid in hydrothermal fluids. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 135:66-86

247. Grew ES, Hazen RM (2013) Evolution of the minerals of beryllium. Stein 4-13

 

PART IV. Articles in the Year Book of the Carnegie Institution of Washington (1977-1991)

C1. Finger LW, Hazen RM (1977) High-pressure crystal structures of the spinel polymorphs of Fe₂SiO₄ and Ni₂SiO₄. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 76:504-505

C2. Hazen RM, Mao HK, Bell PM (1977) Comparison of absorption spectra of lunar and terrestrial olivines. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 76:508-512

C3. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1977) Compressibility and crystal structure of Angra dos Reis fassaite to 52 kbar. Carnegie Institution of Washington YearBook 76:512-515

C4. Hazen RM, Bell PM, Mao HK (1977) Polarized absorption spectra of Angra dos Reis fassaite to 50 kbar. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 76:515-516

C5. Finger LW, Hazen RM (1977) Crystal structure and compressibility of ruby to 80 kbar. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 76:525-528

C6. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1977) Linear compressibilities of layer minerals. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 76:529-531

C7. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1977) Modification in high-pressure single-crystal diamond cell techniques. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 76:655-656

C8. Spear FS, Hazen RM (1978) Sodium trioctahedral mica: a possible new rock-forming silicate from the Post Pond Volcanics, Vermont. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 77:808-812

C9. Hazen RM, Finger LW, Yagi T (1978) Crystal structure and compressibility of MnF₂ to 15 kbar. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 77:841-842

C10. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1978) Relationships between crystal structure and compressibility in ionic crystals. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 77:848-850

C11. Finger LW, Hazen RM (1978) Refined occupancy factors for synthetic Mn-Mg pyroxmangite and rhodonite. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 77:850-851

C12. Hazen RM, Bell PM, Mao HK (1978) Systematic variation of pyroxene absorption spectra with composition. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 77:851-855

C13. Bell PM, Mao HK, Hazen RM (1978) Luna 24 glass fragments: a study of soil samples recovered from the Russian Luna 24 mission to Mare Crisium. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 77:855-856

C14. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1979) Studies in high-pressure crystallography. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 78:632-636

C15. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1979) A high-temperature diamond pressure cell for single-crystal studies. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 78:658-659

C16. Hazen RM (1979) Workshop on heating the diamond-anvil, high-pressure cell. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 78:683-684

C17. Hazen RM, Mao HK, Finger LW, Bell PM (1980) Crystal structures and compression of Ar, Ne, and CH₄ at 20^oC to 90 kbar. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 79:348-351

C18. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1980) Crystal structure of forsterite to 40 kbar. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 79:364-367

C19. Mao HK, Hazen RM, Bell PM, Wittig J (1980) Evidence for a localized 4f-shell breakdown in praseodymium under pressure. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 79:380-384

C20. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1980) High-temperature diamond anvil cell for single-crystal studies. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 79:406-409

C21. Hazen RM, Mao HK, Finger LW, Bell PM (1981) Irreversible unit-cell volume changes of wustite single crystals quenched from high pressure. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 80:274-277

C22. Hazen RM (1981) Systematic variation of bulk modulus of wustite with stoichiometry. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 80:277-280

C23. Zou G, Finger LW, Hazen RM, Bell PM, Mao HK (1981) Isothermal equations of state for neon and argon. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 80:295-299

C24. Finger LW, Hazen RM (1981) Refinement of the crystal structure of an iron-rich kornerupine. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 80:370-373

C25. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1981) Crystal structure of diopside at high temperature and pressure. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 80:373-376

C26. Hazen RM, Hazen MH, compilers (1981) Indices of the Annual Reports of the Director, Geophysical Laboratory, 1905-1980 (Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington) 143 p

C27. Hughes JM, Finger LW, Hazen RM (1981) The crystal structure of bannermanite. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 80:379-380

C28. Ralph RL, Hazen RM, Finger LW (1981) Cell parameters of orthoenstatite at high temperature and pressure. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 80:376-379

C29. Pinckney LR, Finger LW, Hazen RM, Burnham CW (1981) Crystal structure of pyroxmangite at high temperature. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 80:380-384

C30. Hazen RM (1982) PT crystallographic study of the gillespite I-II phase transition. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 81:380-384

C31. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1982) A reversible phase transition in sodium tungstate perovskite at 12 kbar. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 81:384-386

C32. Finger LW, Hazen RM, Hughes J (1982) Crystal structure of monoclinic ilvaite. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 81:386-388

C33. Sharpe MR, Irvine TN, Mysen BO, Hazen RM (1983) Density and viscosity characteristics of melts of Bushveld chilled margin rocks. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 82:300-305

C34. Hazen RM, Finger LW, Barton M (1983) High-pressure crystal structures and compressibilities of bertrandite, beryl and euclase. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 82:357-359

C35. Hazen RM (1983) Compressibility and high-pressure pleochroism of CaCr²⁺Si₄O₁₀. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 82:359-361

C36. Hazen RM, Sharpe MR (1983) Radiographic determination of the positions of platinum spheres in density-viscosity studies of silicate melts. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 82:428-430

C37. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1983) Anomalous compressibility of zeolite 4A in several pressure media. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 82:361-363

C38. Hazen RM, Finger LW (1991) Predicted high-pressure mineral structures with octahedral silicon. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 90:101-107

C39. Zhang JM, Hazen RM, Ko J (1991) High-pressure crystal chemistry of iron-free wadsleyite, beta-Mg₂SiO₄. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book  90:115-120